Dec
19
Gelatin Used To Make a Powerful New Hydrogen Fuel Catalyst
December 19, 2018 | 1 Comment
University of California – Berkeley researchers have developed a cheap and effective new catalyst can generate hydrogen fuel from water just as efficiently as platinum. Platinum is currently the best and most expensive water-splitting catalyst known.
Two-dimensional metal carbides spark a reaction that splits water into oxygen and valuable hydrogen gas. Berkeley researchers have discovered an easy new recipe for cooking up these nanometer-thin sheets that is nearly as simple as making Jell-O from a box. Image Credit: Xining Zang, UC Berkeley. Click image for the largest view.
The new catalyst, which is composed of nanometer-thin sheets of metal carbide, is manufactured using a self-assembly process that relies on a surprising ingredient: gelatin, the material that gives the form to Jell-O, its shiny surface and the jiggle.
Senior study author Liwei Lin, professor of mechanical engineering at UC Berkeley said, “Platinum is expensive, so it would be desirable to find other alternative materials to replace it. We are actually using something similar to the Jell-O that you can eat as the foundation, and mixing it with some of the abundant earth elements to create an inexpensive new material for important catalytic reactions.”
An electrical current can break apart the strong bonds that tie water molecules together, creating oxygen and hydrogen gas, the latter of which is an valuable source of energy for powering hydrogen fuel cells. Hydrogen gas can also be used to help store energy from renewable yet intermittent energy sources like solar and wind power, which produce excess electricity when the sun shines or when the wind blows, but which go dormant on rainy or calm days.
But simply sticking an electrode in a glass of water is an extremely inefficient method of generating hydrogen gas. For the past 20 years, scientists have been searching for catalysts that can speed up this reaction, making it practical for large-scale use.
First author Xining Zang, who conducted the research as a graduate student in mechanical engineering at UC Berkeley explained, “The traditional way of using natural gas to generate hydrogen still dominates in industry. However, this method produces carbon dioxide as byproduct. Electrocatalytic hydrogen generation is growing in the past decade, following the global demand to lower emissions. Developing a highly efficient and low-cost catalyst for electrohydrolysis will bring profound technical, economical and societal benefit.”
To create the catalyst, the researchers followed a recipe nearly as simple as making Jell-O from a box. They mixed gelatin and a metal ion – either molybdenum, tungsten or cobalt – with water, and then let the mixture dry.
“We believe that as gelatin dries, it self-assembles layer by layer,” Lin said. “The metal ion is carried by the gelatin, so when the gelatin self-assembles, your metal ion is also arranged into these flat layers, and these flat sheets are what give Jell-O its characteristic mirror-like surface.”
Heating the mixture to 600ยบ Celsius triggers the metal ion to react with the carbon atoms in the gelatin, forming large, nanometer-thin sheets of metal carbide. The un-reacted gelatin burns away.
The researchers tested the efficiency of the catalysts by placing them in water and running an electric current through them. When stacked up against each other, molybdenum carbide split water the most efficiently, followed by tungsten carbide and then cobalt carbide, which didn’t form thin layers as well as the other two. Mixing molybdenum ions with a small amount of cobalt boosted the performance even more.
“It is possible that other forms of carbide may provide even better performance,” Lin said.
The two-dimensional shape of the catalyst is one of the reasons why it is so successful. That is because the water has to be in contact with the surface of the catalyst in order to do its job, and the large surface area of the sheets mean that the metal carbides are extremely efficient for their weight.
Because the recipe is so simple, it could easily be scaled up to produce large quantities of the catalyst, the researchers said.
“We found that the performance is very close to the best catalyst made of platinum and carbon, which is the gold standard in this area,” Lin said. “This means that we can replace the very expensive platinum with our material, which is made in a very scalable manufacturing process.”
Looks good sounds good. The test is will the economics get industry’s attention enough to drive mass manufacturing? If so the hydrogen economy’s future brightens up considerably. Industry uses the hydrogen very quickly, minimizing the storage problems, is the really hard problem yet to solve.
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Thanks for your sharing. I will share it for more people to see.