Aug
13
Superconductors Impact Tokamak Fusion Reactor Design
August 13, 2015 | 2 Comments
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers are using advances in magnet technology to propose a new design for a practical compact tokamak fusion reactor. It’s one that might be realized in as little as a decade, they say. They suggest the era of practical fusion power, which could offer a nearly inexhaustible energy resource, may be coming near.
A cutaway view of the proposed ARC reactor. Thanks to powerful new magnet technology, the much smaller, less-expensive ARC reactor would deliver the same power output as a much larger reactor. Image Credit: The MIT ARC team. Click image for the largest view.
We’re all tired of the old joke that practical nuclear fusion power plants are just 30 years away, and always will be. Then there’s the one about tokamaks never dieing, they just get more expensive. So far they have just gotten bigger to the sense of incredible.
Maybe the jokes might not be based in reality. Advances in magnet technology have enabled researchers at MIT to propose a new design for a practical compact tokamak fusion reactor – and it’s one that might be realized in as little as a decade, they say. The era of practical fusion power, which could offer a nearly inexhaustible energy resource, may be coming near.
Using new commercially available superconductors, rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) superconducting tapes, to produce high-magnetic field coils “just ripples through the whole design,” says Dennis Whyte, a professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering and director of MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center. “It changes the whole thing.”
The stronger magnetic field makes it possible to produce the required magnetic confinement of the superhot plasma – that is, the working material of a fusion reaction – but in a much smaller device than those previously envisioned. The reduction in size, in turn, makes the whole system less expensive and faster to build, and also allows for some ingenious new features in the power plant design.
The proposed reactor, using a tokamak (donut-shaped) geometry that is widely studied, is described in a paper in the journal Fusion Engineering and Design, co-authored by Whyte, PhD candidate Brandon Sorbom, and 11 others at MIT. The paper published in Fusion Engineering and Design started as a design class taught by Whyte and became a student-led project after the class ended.
The new reactor is designed for basic research on fusion and also as a potential prototype power plant that could produce significant power. The basic reactor concept and its associated elements are based on well-tested and proven principles developed over decades of research at MIT and around the world, the team said.
Sorbom said, “The much higher magnetic field allows you to achieve much higher performance.”
Fusion, the nuclear reaction that powers the sun, involves fusing pairs of hydrogen atoms together to form helium, accompanied by enormous releases of energy. The hard part has been confining the superhot plasma, a form of electrically charged gas, while heating it to temperatures hotter than the cores of stars. This is where the magnetic fields are so important – they effectively trap the heat and particles in the hot center of the device.
While most characteristics of a system tend to vary in proportion to changes in dimensions, the effect of changes in the magnetic field on fusion reactions is much more extreme: The achievable fusion power increases according to the fourth power of the increase in the magnetic field. Thus, doubling the field would produce a 16-fold increase in the fusion reaction. “Any increase in the magnetic field gives you a huge win,” Sorbom said.
As the new superconductors do not produce quite a doubling of the field strength, they are strong enough to increase fusion power by about a factor of 10 compared to standard superconducting technology, Sorbom explained. This dramatic improvement leads to a cascade of potential improvements in reactor design.
The world’s most powerful planned fusion reactor, a huge device called ITER that is under construction in France, is expected to cost around a stunning money pit equivalent of $40 billion. Sorbom and the MIT team estimate that the new design, about half the diameter of ITER (which was designed before the new superconductors became available), would produce about the same power at a fraction of the cost and in a shorter construction time.
But despite the difference in size and magnetic field strength, the proposed reactor, called ARC, is based on “exactly the same physics” as ITER, Whyte said. “We’re not extrapolating to some brand-new regime,” he added.
Another key advance in the new design is a method for removing the fusion power core from the donut-shaped reactor without having to dismantle the entire device. That makes it especially well-suited for research aimed at further improving the system by using different materials or designs to fine-tune the performance.
In addition, as with ITER, the new superconducting magnets would enable the reactor to operate in a sustained way, producing a steady power output, unlike today’s experimental reactors that can only operate for a few seconds at a time without overheating of copper coils.
Another key advantage is that most of the solid materials used to line the fusion chamber in such reactors are replaced by a liquid material that can easily be circulated and replaced, eliminating the need for costly replacement procedures as the materials degrade over time.
“It’s an extremely harsh environment for [solid] materials,” Whyte said, so replacing those materials with a liquid could be a major advantage.
Right now, as designed, the reactor should be capable of producing about three times as much electricity as is needed to keep it running, but the design could probably be improved to increase that proportion to about five or six times, Sorbom said. So far, no fusion reactor has produced as much energy as it consumes, so this kind of net energy production would be a major breakthrough in fusion technology, the team said.
The design could produce a reactor that would provide electricity to about 100,000 people, they say. Devices of a similar complexity and size have been built within about five years, they say.
The MIT team deserves an applause for taking up the challenge of updating the Tokamak design with modern magnetic technology. ITER has been since its inception another bridge too far program, and remains so to this day, with commitments blanking out any new technological innovation. One expects that even at ½ the size, the MIT concept would also be a bridge too far program.
Technology progress comes far too fast for multi-decade research programs. Fusion, while physically a sure thing remains a physics and engineering dilemma. Buzzard’s, Lerner’s, Tri Alpha, General Fusion and more are all better suited for research driving to a fusion breakeven than a Tokamak ever will be.
The MIT team is a very bright group of young minds that one hopes is encouraged to look at all the fusion ideas and apply their skill set to see which concept would be most assisted by their abilities.
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The engineers at Lockheed’s skunk works might get this to work.
Guess they don’t believe Rossi