A University of Michigan research team has joined the forces of a fungus and E. coli bacteria to turn tough waste plant material into isobutanol, a biofuel that closely matches gasoline’s properties in a combined species process.  The research team members said the principle also could be used to produce other valuable chemicals such as plastics.

Xiaoxia “Nina” Lin, assistant professor of chemical engineering and leader of the research said, “We’re hoping that biofuels made in such an efficient way can eventually replace current petroleum-based fuels.”

Isobutanol Sample. Click image for more info.

Isobutanol Sample. Click image for more info.

Gallon for gallon, isobutanol yields 82% of the heat energy gasoline provides when burned, compared to ethanol’s 67%. Ethanol also has a tendency to absorb water, corroding pipelines and damaging engines, but isobutanol doesn’t mix easily with water. While ethanol serves as a mixer in the gasoline infrastructure today, many researchers point out that isobutanol can also be a replacement or full substitute.

Importantly, this system makes isobutanol from inedible plant materials, so fuel production wouldn’t drive up food costs. Lin’s team used corn stalks and leaves, but their ecosystem should also be able to process other agricultural byproducts and forestry waste.

While much previous research has focused on trying to create a “superbug” that could tackle the whole job of processing waste plant materials into biofuels, Lin and her colleagues argue that a team of microbial specialists can do better.

The fungus Trichoderma reesei is already very good at breaking down tough plant material into sugars. Escherichia coli, meanwhile, is relatively easy for researchers to genetically modify. James Liao’s lab at the University of California-Los Angeles provided E. coli bacteria that had been engineered to convert sugars into isobutanol.

The Lin group put both microbe species into a bioreactor and served up corn stalks and leaves. Colleagues at Michigan State University had pre-treated the roughage to make it easier to digest.

“If you’ve ever had puffed rice cereal, it’s somewhat analogous,” said Jeremy Minty, first author of the paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and a recent doctoral graduate in Lin’s lab.

The fungi turned the roughage into sugars that fed both microbe species with enough left over to produce isobutanol. The team managed to get 1.88 grams of isobutanol per liter of fluid in the ecosystem, the highest concentration reported to date for turning tough plant materials into biofuels. They also converted a large proportion of the energy locked in the corn stalks and leaves to isobutanol – 62% of the theoretical maximum.

The harmonious coexistence of the fungi and bacteria, with stable populations, was a key success of the experiment.

“A lot of times, one species will dominate the culture and the other will die off,” Minty said. “This is a common problem when you’re trying to create these systems.”

Convincing the microbes to play nicely pays off.

“You can put everything in one pot,” Lin said. “The capital investment will be much lower, and also the operating cost will be much lower, so hopefully this will make the whole process much more likely to become economically viable.”

Lin’s team used game theory to analyze the relationship between the fungi and bacteria. Breaking cellulose down into sugar is hard work, so T. reesei’s tendency to do this and then share the spoils mark it as a cooperator. Meanwhile, the E. coli use the sugars without offering the fungus anything in return, which makes it a cheater.

Even so, the bacteria didn’t take over the colony because the fungi produce the sugars near their cell membranes, which give them the first crack at using the sugars. The researchers can control E. coli’s advantage by tweaking how quickly the bacteria grow.

Minty and others in Lin’s group are now trying to improve on their energy conversion rate and increase the tolerance of the T. reesei and E. coli to isobutanol. The isobutanol is toxic, but higher concentrations will drive down the cost of isolating the fuel.

“We’re really excited about this technology,” Minty said. “The U.S. has the potential to sustainably produce 1 billion tons or more of biomass annually, enough to produce biofuels that could displace 30 percent or more of our current petroleum production.”

Moreover, by engineering the bacteria differently, they believe their system could produce a variety of petroleum-based chemicals in a sustainable way.

Its quite interesting to see a process design that works so well in the first research generation, especially when two different species are involved and need to cooperate.

The insight shown, and the daring to experiment deserves a commendation.  One would think such an idea would have been tried a long time ago.

If the team can get the isobutanol out and get the process to run close to continuous flow, a butanol market could get started up pretty quickly.


Comments

4 Comments so far

  1. Matt Musson on August 23, 2013 6:36 AM

    I have posted it before but I will say it again – having a single pot bioreactor farmers could use to produce their own fuels would be huge for protecting our food supply from disruptions in fuel delivery as well as from cost shocks.

  2. Howard on November 15, 2013 4:20 PM

    I know this web site gives quality dependent articles or reviews and additional stuff, is there any other website which offers these information in quality?

  3. Lynwood G. Hemenway on October 25, 2017 9:54 PM

    I have learned a lot from the post. Thanks for your sharing!

  4. Lynwood G. Hemenway on October 25, 2017 10:02 PM

    The insight shown, and the daring to experiment deserves a commendation. One would think such an idea would have been tried a long time ago.

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