Technical University of Munich (TUM) researchers have now managed to significantly reduce the temperature and energy requirements of a key step in the biofuel production chemical process with reactions taking place inside zeolite crystals.

Zeolithe Catalyst Model. Image Credit: Andreas Heddergott / TUM. Click image for the largest view.

But fuel from waste material? It is possible. So far, converting organic waste to fuel has not been economically viable. Excessively high temperatures and too much energy are required.

Prof. Johannes Lercher, who heads the Chair of Technical Chemistry II at TU Munich has been thinking, ever more electricity is produced decentrally using wind, hydro and solar power plants, “It thus makes sense to decentralize chemical production, as well. Theoretically, any municipality could produce its own fuel or fertilizer.”

To date, this has not been possible because chemical processes require a great deal of energy – more than local renewable energy sources can provide.

Professor Lercher, who is also Director of the American Institute for Integrated Catalysis at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, said, “We thus aimed at finding new processes to lay the foundations for the distributed production of chemicals, which can be powered using renewable energy sources.”

Lercher’s team has now fulfilled one prerequisite for a turnaround in chemical production: In the laboratory, the scientists demonstrated that the temperature required for splitting carbon-oxygen bonds in acidic aqueous solution can be drastically reduced using zeolite crystals. The process also ran much faster than without the zeolite catalysts.

The team’s work is reported in two papers, Tailoring Nanoscopic Confines to Maximize Catalytic Activity of Hydronium Ions in Nature Communications and Enhancing the Catalytic Activity of Hydronium Ions Through Constrained Environments in Nature Communications.

Nature provided the reference for the development of the new process. In biological systems, enzymes with small pockets in their surface accelerate chemical processes.

Lercher explained, “We thought about how we could apply theses biological functions to organic chemistry. While searching for suitable catalysts that accelerate the reaction, we stumbled upon zeolites – crystals with small cavities in which the reactions take place under cramped conditions comparable to those in enzyme pockets.”

But, do cramped quarters really increase the reactivity? To answer this question, Lercher’s team compared the reactions of carbon compounds with acids in a beaker to the same reactions in zeolites. The result: In the crystal cavities, where the reacting molecules, for example alcohols, meet upon the hydronium ions of the acids, reactions run up to 100 times faster and at temperatures just over 100 °C.

“Our experiments demonstrate that zeolites as catalysts are similarly effective as enzymes: Both significantly reduce the energy levels required by the reactions,” reported Lercher. “The smaller the cavity, the larger the catalytic effect. We achieved the best results with diameters far below one nanometer.”

So why do tight spaces foster the reactivity of molecules? “The force that improves the reaction path is the same as the one that causes wax to stick to a tabletop and that allows geckos to walk on ceilings,” replied Lercher. “The more contact points there are between two surfaces, the larger the adhesion. In our experiments, the organic molecules, which are in an aqueous solution, are literally attracted to the pores in the zeolites.”

Thus, the hydronium ions within the cavities have a significantly greater likelihood of bumping into a reaction partner than those outside. The result is an acid catalyzed chemical reaction that takes place faster and with lower energy input.

When they come into contact with hydronium ions, organic molecules such as alcohols lose oxygen. This makes the process suitable to converting bio-oil obtained from organic waste into fuel.

It will take some time, of course, before the new process can be deployed in the field. “We are still working on the fundamentals,” emphasized Lercher. “We hope to use these to create the conditions required for new, decentral chemical production processes that no longer require large-scale facilities.”

That is a pretty complete press release with an honest and experienced view on the prospects. This just might work on getting smaller price practical reactors to market.

Have a happy Fourth of July!


Comments

4 Comments so far

  1. lee on July 4, 2017 8:59 PM

    perfect

  2. Elisbiety on July 5, 2017 10:37 PM

    It is amazing to extract renewable energy form waste! while in addition to biofuel, we can also produce charcoal by Beston charcoal making machine, which has no any pollution. Charcoal has high caloric value and little pollution, so it can be used in BBQ, industrial melting. It is also additive of natural fertilize.

  3. Snider on July 9, 2017 8:46 PM

    This article has mentioned the importance of enviromental protection and energy saving. Using biomass wastes to produce biomass charcoal that is a renewable energy. Biomass carbonization machine can realize the goal of resource recycling.

  4. Dan Howard on August 2, 2018 6:03 AM

    I can get knowledge from your site which is really interesting. Thank you very much for sharing valuable information.

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