Chinese scientists have transformed rusty stainless steel mesh into electrodes with outstanding electrochemical properties for potassium-ion batteries. The scientists have made good use of a waste while finding an innovative solution to a technical problem.

Image Credit: Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Click image for the largest view.

The research team reported their findings in the journal Angewandte Chemie. They describe that the rust is converted directly into a compact layer with a grid structure that can store potassium ions. A coating of reduced graphite oxide increases the conductivity and stability during charge/discharge cycles.

Xin-Bo Zhang explains that increasing use of renewable energy requires effective energy storage within the grid. Lithium ion batteries, widely used in portable electronics, are promising candidates. Lithium ion batteries are based on the displacement of lithium ions. While charging, the ions move toward the graphite electrode, where they are stored between the layers of carbon. When discharging, they are released. However, lithium is expensive and reserves are limited. Sodium ion batteries have been explored as an alternative.

“Potassium ions are just as inexpensive and readily available as sodium, and potassium ion batteries would be superior from the electric aspect. However, the significantly larger radius of the potassium ions has posed a problem. Repeated storage and release of these ions destabilizes the materials currently used in electrodes,” said Xin-Bo Zhang.

Zhang and a team from the Chinese Academy of sciences and Jilin University (Changchun, China) have now found an elegant solution in their use of a waste material to make novel electrodes: rejected stainless steel mesh from filters and sieves. Despite the excellent durability of these grids, harsh conditions does lead to some corrosion. The metal can be reclaimed in a furnace, but this process requires a great deal of money, time, and energy, as well as producing emissions.

Zhang pointed out, “Conversion into electrodes could develop into a more ecologically and economically sensible form of recycling.”

The corroded mesh is dipped into a solution of potassium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate of potash, known as a fining agent for wine). This dissolves iron, chromium, and nickel ions out of the rust layer. These combine with ferricyanide ions into the complex salt known as Prussian blue, a dark blue pigment that is deposited onto the surface of the mesh as scaffold-like nanocubes. Potassium ions can easily and rapidly be stored in and released from these structures.

The researchers then use a dip-coating process to deposit a layer of graphene oxide (oxidized graphite layers). This layer nestles tightly onto the nanocubes. Subsequent reduction converts the graphene oxide to reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which consists of layers of graphite with isolated oxygen atoms.

Zhang explained, “The RGO coating inhibits clumping and detachment of the active material. At the same time, it significantly increases the conductivity and opens ultrafast electron-transport pathways.”

In tests, coin cells made with these new electrodes demonstrate excellent capacity, discharge voltages, rate capability, and outstanding cycle stability. Because the inexpensive, binder-free electrodes are very flexible, they are highly suitable for use in flexible electronic devices.

The potassium battery will likely find a place in the market. This breakout for electrodes bodes well. While the press release isn’t specific, one can assume the cycle life and capacity estimates are pretty good.

The hunt is on in earnest now for alternatives to alkaline, lead acid and lithium chemistries. One wonders sometimes what ever happened to progress for nickel and cadmium batteries? Lots of battery chemistries and competition is going to be great for consumers.


Comments

1 Comment so far

  1. Roseland67 on June 29, 2017 10:20 PM

    Power and energy density?
    Are they anywhere near lithium ion?

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